Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease affecting the tissues around the alveoli, or air sacs, in the lungs. Renowned tabla maestro Zakir Hussain passed away at the age of 73 in San Francisco due to this debilitating condition. His passing has drawn attention to the severity and complexity of IPF. Here’s a comprehensive overview of the disease, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
What is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?
IPF is a serious lung condition characterized by thickening and stiffening of lung tissues for unknown reasons. Over time, this leads to permanent scarring, or fibrosis, which makes it increasingly difficult to breathe. In a healthy lung, oxygen easily passes from the air sacs into the bloodstream, but with IPF, thickened alveolar walls obstruct oxygen transfer, impacting overall health.
Causes of IPF
The exact cause of IPF remains unknown. The disease appears to result from repeated cycles of lung damage and incomplete healing, leading to scarring. Risk factors like smoking, family history, and age can increase susceptibility. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) notes that genetic mutations, such as those affecting the MUC5B gene, may contribute to disease risk by disrupting mucus production and lung function.
Risk Factors for IPF
- Age: Most cases are diagnosed in individuals aged 60-70.
- Lifestyle: Smoking is a significant risk factor.
- Gender: Men are more likely to develop IPF than women.
- Family History: A genetic predisposition increases the likelihood of developing IPF.
- Gene Mutations: Mutations in genes like MUC5B, which aids mucus clearance, elevate the risk.
Symptoms of IPF
- Shortness of Breath: Initially during activity, later even at rest.
- Chronic Dry Cough: Persistent and worsening over time.
- Joint and Muscle Pain: Aching sensations that may seem unrelated.
- Fatigue and Weakness: Constant tiredness and lack of energy.
- Unexplained Weight Loss: Gradual and unintended weight reduction.

Treatment Options
Although there is no cure for IPF, treatments aim to slow disease progression and enhance quality of life.
- Medications: Drugs like nintedanib and pirfenidone can slow lung scarring and improve lung function. Antacids may also help by reducing acid reflux that could worsen IPF.
- Oxygen Therapy: Helps ease breathing difficulties and supports physical activity.
- Ventilator Support: Assists with breathing in severe cases.
- Lung Transplant: A potential option for advanced cases, though it carries risks like infection or organ rejection.
Lifestyle Changes and Support
Adopting healthy habits can make a significant difference. Quitting smoking, eating a balanced diet, and exercising regularly can support lung health. Counseling and therapy can also help manage the emotional and psychological stress associated with chronic illnesses.
Zakir Hussain’s death underscores the importance of awareness about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a disease that affects countless lives but often goes unnoticed until it progresses significantly. Early detection and management are vital to improving outcomes and preserving quality of life.